中考英语语法 并列句和复合句讲义

发布时间:2007-12-09 13:52:27  来源:互联网 作者:佚名   【打印】 【评论

    中考语法———并列句和复合句

   并列句:  如果句子包含有两个或更多互不依存的主谓结构,就是并列句。并列句中的分句通常用一个并列连词来连接;有时也可不用连词,而用一个逗号或分号分开。以下的并列连词是中考考点。

   1. and与or.并列连词and和or与祈使句连用时,常用的句型为“祈使句+ and / of +陈述句”结构。如果两个分句都是肯定语气,则用and连接;如果两个分句的语气为一个肯定,一个否定,则应用or连接。如:Work hard,and you“ll catch up with others. Work hard,or you won”t catch up with others.

    2. but.but表示转折,意为“但是”。由but连接的并列句可与though / although引导的主从复合句转换。but与though / although不能同时用在一个句子中表示“虽然……但是……”。如:She is very young, but she studies well. (= Although / Though she is very young, she studies well.)

    3. so.so表示结果,意为“所以”。由so连接的并列句可转换成because引导的主从复合句,两者也不能同时用在一个句子中表示“因为……所以……”。如:He was ill yesterday, so he didn“t come to school. (= He didn”t come to school yesterday, because he was ill.)

    4. for.for用作并列连词引导句子表示原因时,是对另一个分句的补充说明,它不能放在句子的开头。如:The day is broken, for the birds are singing. 5. while.while用作并列连词,连接的两个分句之间的关系是相对比的,指“而……”,通常不位于句子开头。

    Lily and Lucy are twins. Lily“s tall while Lucy is short.复合句:  复合句由一个主句和一个或一个以上的从句构成。主句是句子的主体,从句是句子的一个成分,不能独立使用。初中阶段要求重点掌握宾语从句和状语从句,这两种从句也是中考重点考查内容之一。

    一、宾语从句 

1. 连接词:

    (1)that引导陈述句意义的宾语从句,that本身没有词义,口语中常可省略。

    (2)if或whether引导一般疑问句意义的宾语从句,译为“是否”。如:We are talking about whether he is a young pioneer.(3)连接代词或连接副词引导特殊疑问句意义的宾语从句,并且在从句中要作一定的句子成份。如:I don“t know when we will have a meeting.

2. 语序:宾语从句无论是陈述句、一般疑问句或特殊疑问句意义,一律用陈述句语序,即”主语+谓语“结构。如:I don”t know where he lives.

3. 时态:

(1)主句是一般现在时,从句根据需要可用任何一种时态。如:She says she will come back.

(2)主句是一般过去时,从句必须用过去相应时态。如:She asked if I was doing my homework this time yesterday.

(3)从句为客观真理、自然现象或永恒不变的规律时,不受主句时态限制,从句使用一般现在时。如:She said that one and one makes two.注意:当主句的谓语动词是think,believe,expect(期待),suppose(猜想)等词时,其后that引导的宾语从句如果表示否定意义,通常将否定词not移至主句中,但在变为反意疑问句时,疑问部分的人称和助动词等仍然与从句保持一致。如:I don“t believe it is true, is it?

    二、状语从句

1. 时间状语从句:在时间状语从句中,常用一般现在时代替一般将来时,一般过去时代替过去将来时。引导状语从句的连接词在使用上应注意以下几点:

    (1)when在引导的时间状语从句中,既可用延续性动词,也可用非延续性动词;在while引导的时间状语从句中谓语动词一般是延续性的,从句与主句动作同时发生。如:While we were in Beijing, we saw him twice.(也可用when代替while)

    (2)since表示“自从……以来”,从句一般表示动作的起点,用过去时,主句表示动作延续的情况,一般用现在完成时。如果主句表示的不是延续性动作而是目前的状态,可用一般现在时。如:  It is two years since she joined the Party.

    (3)till / until意为“直到……”,主句用肯定形式的延续性动词。如:They worked till it was dark.若主句的动词是终止性动词,要用否定形式,构成“no … until …”结构,意为“直到……才……”。如:  He didn“t go to bed until it was ten o”clock. 2. 原因状语从句:由because,since,as等词来引导。如:Since you are free, you had better help me.

3. 结果和目的状语从句:

(1)“so…that…”与“such…that…”都可用来引导结果状语从句,前者常用的结构是“so + adj. / adv. + that…”,“so + adj. + a / an + n.(单数)+ that…”,“so + many / much / few / little + n.(不可数或复数)+ that …”。如:He ran so quickly that he won the race.    It was so warm a day that we went to swim. He fell so many falls that he was black and blue.后者常用的结构是“such + (a / an) adj. +n.(单数、复数或不可数)+ that…”。如:They are such interesting animals that the children like them very much.

(2)“so that”引导状语从句,可以表示目的,也可以表示结果。表示目的时,从句中应用may,will,can这类情态动词;表示结果时,从句中多不用情态动词,而且从句前有逗号。试比较:Finish this so that you can start another.(表示目的)

    Nothing more was heard of him, so that people thought he was dead.(表示结果)

    ( ) 1. There was _____ that we couldn‘t hear what he said. A. such much noise B. such many noise C. so much noise D. so many noise

   ( ) 2. Mr Brown is _____ teacher _____ he can’t leave his office. A. so busy a, that B. a very busy, that C. such busy a, that D. so busy a, and

   ( ) 3. He is happy _____ he is poor.     A. though B. and C. but D. so

   ( ) 4. I can‘t find the library book _____ I’ve looked for it everywhere. A. and B. if C. though D. because

   ( ) 5. Miss Yang loves her work ___ she loves books. A. until B. because C. if D. before

   ( ) 6. I don‘t know _____ I will be free tomorrow. _____ I am free, I’ll come to see you. A. if, whether B. whether, whether C. if, that D. if, if

   ( ) 7. We‘ll buy a computer if we _____ enough money next year. A. will have B. are having C. do have D. have

   ( ) 8. Don’t get off the bus _____ it stops. A. who B. what C. when D. that

   ( ) 9. Can you tell me _____ your parents are, Betty?  A. who B. what C. when D. that

   ( ) 10. What was Jim doing _____ his sister fell off the bike? A. while B. and C. when D. but

 
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